Theory x management styles in fact hinder the satisfaction of higherlevel needs. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. Read this article to learn about the mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation and its applicability. Over the past 30 years information technology has had an increasing presence in the operational side of most businesses. Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. Motivation theory by john ball 03 oct 2003 understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management.
Theory x states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. A theory y manager would be more participative and collaborative allowing the team to be self directed and motivating them by helping them reach their. Mcgregor states in his theories two beliefs about mankind and the extent to which managers view these beliefs. I conceive this lack of sound facts to be due primarily to the absence of a valid theory of motivation. People inherently dislike work people must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve objectives people prefer to be directed. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly.
Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. In 1960, he wrote the book \u201cthe human side of enterprise\u201d, where he identifies and develops his enowned theory x and theory y. A theory x manager would lead through fear and intimidation. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Douglas mcgregor introduced a motivational theory in 1960. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee empowerment. Theory x and theory y on employee motivation helps organizations understand the changing dynamics of human behavior slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that. Under theory x, management uses control to direct behavior. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation.
Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Douglas mcgregor proposed two different motivational theories. Theory x and y motivational theories used in business. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming.
Mcgregor 1960 argues that people have an inherent dislike of work and, if possible, they will avoid it. Theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. Leaders managers who adhere to theory x assume that the average person. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Generation x and generation y employees in electric and electronic industry in malaysia. A total number of 124 respondents based on cluster sampling were participated in this research. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated. Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees.
Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Theory x represents the traditional management and leadership style in which management and direction is of the most important moments. He had two contrasting takes on understanding motivation and management and he believed theory x and theory y is the foundation used to differentiate between management approaches and techniques. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described.
People view work as being as natural as play and rest people will exercise selfdirection and control towards achieving objectives they are committed to. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. In his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960, mit business professor, douglas mcgregor, proposed two schools of thought on employee motivation. These two theories represent the extreme ranges of assumptions. Understanding theory x and theory y theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y on employee. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. Theory x of motivation is based on the following assumptions. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. Learn about theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor in 1960s and understand what management styles they encourage respectively.
Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the. Jun 06, 20 theory x and theory y on employee motivation helps organizations understand the changing dynamics of human behavior slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Under theory x the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees lower needs, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y.
Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation, and with the invention of total quality management tqm. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. A theory of human motivation 4 it is far easier to perceive and to criticize the aspects in motivation theory than to remedy them. Generation x generation x refers to as lost generation that are born between 1966 1976 and reaching their age of 36 to 46 years old as of year 2012 william, 2008, tay, 2011. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals.
At the same time, approaches to the organisation of work and the management of people have changed and developed. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Theory x and theory y essay sample new york essays. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y.
Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man at work. This image demonstrates where the true source of motivation is derived in each theory. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Though these theories are very basic in nature, they provide a platform for future generations of management theorists and practitioners to understand the changing dynamics of human behavior. Quantitative approach with selfadministered questionnaire method has been employed for data collection of this study. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described as theory x and theory y. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. The theories concentrate on two various models of potential motivation that is implemented by the managers across human resources management, organizational communication.
Thus, delegation of authority, job enlargement, management by objectives and participative management techniques are great motivators for the employee. Generation x learned from their elders that following company rules and regulations is least likely secure their jobs dougan et. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it centered and, therefore, does not care about organizational goals resists change act irresponsibly weinbach, 2008 designed to enforce compliance. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at when you look at your team, what do you see. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. The average human being does not inherently dislike work.
Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid. Theory x is the belief that employees are motivated by pay and they need supervision to make sure they get their work done. Deming went to japan just after the war to help set up. Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as.
Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs whici are in a hierarchical order that prevents people from being motivated. Theory x and theory y team management training from. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his 1960 book the human. Andrea, maksim and laura limitations of theory x and theory y cannot straight away determine everyone is either x or y some individuals might have a mix of theory x and y more than two ways to view on working people in. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. He proposed, at opposite extremes two pairs of assumptions about human beings which. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource practices.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Conclusion theory x and theory y conclusion theory x and. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Under theory y, behavior is dictated by the employees themselves through communication with management and an understanding of the agreed upon broader strategy and objectives. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y on employee motivation.
Theory x and theory y understanding peoples motivations. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. He is noted for among other things his ideas on job enrichment, enlargement and rotation. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Implication of motivational theories in an organization. Andrea, maksim and laura limitations of theory x and theory y cannot straight away determine everyone is either x or y some individuals might have a mix of theory x and y more than two ways to view on working people in the management. The average individual is by nature indolent and will avoid work if he can.
May 22, 2006 a theory x manager would lead through fear and intimidation. The average person lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, and prefers to be led. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. These labels describe contrasting set of assumptions about human nature. Thus, we can say that theory x presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while theory y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work. Behavioral learning concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation this theory shares some. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. A study of mcgregorazs theory x and theory y framework. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
Indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. What are the implication of theory x and theory y for. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. At higher levels of the hierarchy, praise, respect, recognition, empowerment and a sense of belonging are far more powerful motivators than money, as both abraham maslows theory of motivation and douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y originating in the 1950s and pertaining to the theory of leadership suggest. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. One of the best known of all the writers on motivation is herzberg. Understand the contrast between the two theories or completely different styles of management and learn how you can apply this in your organizational context. Jun 26, 20 motivation theory by john ball 03 oct 2003 understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management.
Oct 26, 2015 douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. If correlate it with maslows theory, we can say that theory x is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Mcgregor himself holds that the assumptions of theory y are more valid than theory x. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. The workers would be motivated to follow the directives of the boss to create security and comfort and to keep from being fired. His theory theory y and theory x are theories of human motivation that have been used for human resource management, organizational behaviour and organizational development. Oct, 2017 to learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at when you look at your team, what do you see. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Mostly this is because of the very serious lack of sound data in this area.
926 40 1394 1349 481 1336 1389 931 690 1324 465 1018 262 1301 541 1335 1471 137 1008 710 1345 311 698 1260 282 1377 635 612